The Future Of The Web - 1074 Words

The future of the web relies on open web standards. Discuss. Introduction The Internet is an amazing space of creativity and originality. As the years go on, and the Internet is becoming more integral in the modern world, this means that a few believe that the creators of the content should follow rules. These rules are further to help cover web developers with open source development. This essay will discuss what open web standard is, who is the organization around it, and what can be taken from these policies. What is Open Web Standard? The first question to be raised about this topic is what exactly is open web standard. Well, the standards come from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The W3C standards are â€Å"for application†¦show more content†¦However, web standards are not the Internet equivalent of law. It is more of code that is widely popular among websites. These website help each other to create a better product for the user. â€Å"we’ve built web technologies in the bazaar-style of the open source development ethos, but standardizing those technologies is a cathedral-building activity†. (Burson, 2015) If one were to break down this statement by Burson, it would show several key points. The term open source development shows that multiple developers work together on the same source to solve their issues. Claiming that this is ‘cathedral-building activity’ is to show that these cathedrals help users to capitalize on standardization. What Do The W3C Want? Arguably the main organization for web standards, The World Wide Web Consortium is the top advocate for the standards. This is an organization that wants to lead the Internet to its full potential. In other words, this group wishes to create a social value for the Internet. As well as, making the Internet available to people around the world without discrimination. (W3C) Benefits Of Open Web Standards Now that the general idea of open web standards is understood, another question to be asked is what are the benefits of this? Well there are several answers to that question. The most common would be cost; mainly that one could save on cost. If one compares the web standards to older style websites it can save cost by

Transcendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David...

There have been numerous religious rebellions throughout history, but none quite like that of Transcendentalism. This movement embodies the idea that spiritual growth can be achieved through personal journey instead of conflicting with organized religion. By the time of the movement’s onset, newly gained religious freedom in the United States allowed for new ideas and beliefs to prosper freely. At the heart of this movement was Transcendentalism philosophy famous ambassadors, Ralph Waldo Emerson and apprentice Henry David Thoreau. These men believed nature is what forces us not to depend on other ideas but to develop our own. Born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803 as the fourth child in a family of eight, Ralph Waldo Emerson was†¦show more content†¦Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau expressed their feelings, doubts, and predictions about the current state of the American people in the 19th century in individually written essays. Henry David Thoreaus Walden and Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature, represent parallel beliefs concerning simplicity, material goods and the power of the individuals mind and spirit. â€Å"In the presence of nature, a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows. Nature says, -- he is my creature, and maugre all his impertinent griefs, he shall be glad with me† (Nature) How can you really know yourself when you are being socially defined by the people and material objects that surround you? Although Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau shared similar views and beliefs relating to Transcendentalism, the approach each author took in writing and making the ideas that were so important and concrete was not always so closely related. Thoreaus argument calls for less government and more independence while Emersons consistence need for more self-reliance and independence from others. Thoreau viewed God as the higher authority over government, â€Å"The church is a sort of hospital for mens souls and as full of quackery as the hospital for their bodies.† (Walden) In Self-Reliance, Emerson express the idea that the individual should be completely reliant on God. â€Å"When a man lives with God, his voice shall be as sweetShow MoreRelatedTranscendentalism : Henry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson847 Words   |  4 PagesTranscendentalism relates to freedom in several ways. Freedom is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two transcendentalists that have different views on freedom. Our project, representing freedom, shows a person how to live his or her life in a way of freedom shown by Emerson and Thoreau. Together, we did research on the transcendentalists: Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. We studiedRead MoreTranscendentalism : Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau967 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two of the most inspiring and accomplished writers to ever walk upon this Earth. They dared to question how people lived and how people should live. They were light years ahead of their time with their transcendentalist ideas. Transcendentalism can be defined by this quote, â€Å"People... have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that transcends... what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel†(History). This is a perfect explanation forRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism730 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, America’s Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England. The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between one’s self and the world at large. First, the searchRead MoreThe True Transcendentalist: Thoreau and Emerson775 Words   |  3 Pagesemotion, individuality, and nature. But one of the greatest literary movements the one that will be focused on is transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is intuition and individual conscience that helps lead to the truth. When transcendentalism began to start two people played a major role Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, but who is truly a transcendentalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803. His father was a minister as well as seven of his male familyRead MoreEarly American Transcendentalism1204 Words   |  5 PagesEarly American transcendentalism has one of the greatest influences towards American society because it is not only a philosophy, but also a religion and physical progression. During the early nineteenth century, Ralph Emerson, Henry Thoreau, and other radical individuals challenged the present day theories of values, ethics, and what it means to live life to the fullest (Timko). If early American transcendentalists were living among civilians today, would present day civilians think the earlierRead MoreRalph Waldo Emersons Connection To Transcendentalism1223 Words   |  5 PagesI have chosen to write about a Massachusetts-born American poet and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson who was part of the Transcendentalist movement which geared philosophical thinking that involved viewing wome n as equal. Philip F. Gura, Transcendentalism and Social Reform, History Now, assessed May 14, 2017, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/first-age-reform/essays/transcendentalism-and-social-reform. Emerson s support for women s suffrage prompted him to write A Reasonable Reform toRead MoreTranscendentalism : The And The Movement1027 Words   |  5 Pages Transcendentalism Web Quest Directions: Research the answers to these questions online using reputable websites. As you work, copy and paste the website URLs that you use at the bottom of this document (you do not need to create a Works Cited page). Type your answers into this document. Make sure that all of your answers are in your own words. You will be submitting this document via www.turnitin.com and need to be sure that you are not plagiarizing. If you plagiarize from an online source orRead MoreThe Literary Movement of Transcendentalism Essay examples872 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Transcendentalism was a literary movement in the first half of the 19th century. The philosophical theory contained such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism, and the belief that the fundamental truths existed outside of human experience. Fulfillment of this search for knowledge came when one gained an acute awareness of beauty and truth, and communicated with nature to find union with the Over-Soul. When this occurred, one was cleansed ofRead MoreThe Views Of Nature Expressed By Emerson And Thoreau848 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyze the views of nature expressed by Emerson and Thoreau in this week’s readings. Then compare and contrast them to one another. You might also want to apply these themes of nature overall thought of the Transcendentalists as a genre or discipline. Transcendentalism reports an easy idea that people fairly and evenly have ability about themselves, what’s around them and that goes above, â€Å"transcends† what people can do beyond their five senses. There are people that believe in themselves to endureRead MoreTranscendentalism and Transcendental Meditation1471 Words   |  6 PagesTranscendentalism and Transcendental Meditation The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connection of spiritual doctrine. He believes in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; he believes in inspiration, and in ecstasy.(Emerson 196). These two lines written by Ralph Waldo Emerson exemplify the whole movement of transcendentalist writers and what they believed in. Though to the writers, transcendentalism was a fight for a belief, unknown to them

Ethics and Mental Health for Deinstitutionalizing -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Mental Health for Deinstitutionalizing. Answer: Introduction Deinstitutionalizing began in the1960s when the people diagnosed with a developmental disability or mental disorder were placed in communities with mental health services rather than psychiatric hospitals [20,21,24]. Leon Eisenberg a renowned psychiatrist has said that deinstitutionalization has been beneficial for the mentally ill. This can be supported by a recent study done by Steven P. Segal,M.S.W., Ph.D.,Stephania L. Hayes,M.A., O.T.R.,Lachlan Rimes,B.A. under the title The Utility of Outpatient Commitment 2. Mortality risk and protecting Health, Safety, and Quality of life. In this study, Steven P. Segal along with his colleagues assessed the outpatient communities in Australia. They found out that there was a notable low mortality risk and the quality of life was enhanced in the case of the mentally ill in comparison to the psychiatric hospitals. As through this government policy, the mentally ill were able to move out of the insane asylums run by the government and were able to live in community health care centers. So according to the definition of deinstitutionalization, it is not the reduction of the hospital censuses but it is the extension of the alternate services beyond a hospital setting. Although the closing of the psychiatric hospitals is the main part of this process it is only a part of the process. It is not all that deinstitutionalization stands for. Therefore this statement Since the closure of mental institutions, the community has been over-run with dangerous people who do not get the care they need. Like it or not, they need to be kept separately from the rest of the community for everybodys good is neither completely false nor it is completely true in nature. Deinstitutionalization has had three components firstly it is the release of the mentally ill from psychiatric hospitals to communities with alternative facilities, secondly ensuring that new admissions are not made to these alternative facilities and thirdly provision of the car e that these noninstitutionalized mentally ill need in these communities. Through these components, we can see that the last one is the most important. The altered life circumstances for these mentally ill will need new changes and configurations in the health services that they need. Therefore the statement made by the member of the parliament shows how he is fearful that our community is over-run by the mentally ill. But what it is pointing out clearly is that these mentally ill are not getting the care they deserve in these alternate services. It is showing how the government has failed to provide the care that these people need in a community care setting. [11] Body Throughout the world, the process of deinstitutionalization has been given mixed reviews. In order to understand deinstitutionalization, we need to see what scientific and societal changes led to this process [17].Firstly the scientific discoveries of many psychiatric drugs helped to treat the mentally ill. Secondly, which is quietly debatable even now, the society understood that the mentally ill do not need to be locked but should be treated for their illness. Thirdly federal funding with programs like Medicare and Medicaid were sourced for community health centers for the mentally ill rather than psychiatric hospitals. It must be understood that the first and the second component of deinstitutionalization which are release of the mentally ill from psychiatric hospitals to communities with alternative facilities, secondly it is ensuring that new admissions are not made to these alternative facilities did rapidly proceeded than the third component which is provision of the care that these noninstitutionalized mentally ill need in these communities. The President of the American Psychiatric Association Dr. John A. Talbott who states how the psychiatrists that were involved in the formation of the policies related to deinstitutionalization, oversold the certainty of the community treatment which at present is hurting the credibility of this process. The widespread scientific discoveries in the 50s and 60s including penicillin to treat psychosis led to the leaders in being prodded to take action in believing that mental illness is far more prevalent in the society than it was first thought. This is completely true that mental illness is prevalent in our society in far more numbers than it was believed earlier. But the degree and symptoms of each mental illness vary greatly. While depression and anxiety are also termed as mental illness PTSD or Post Traumatic stress disorder is also a form of mental illness that may have violent episodes. The growing political and economic liability that the legislators were facing due to the taxes being used to support the mental institutions was a final push for deinstitutionalization. The extravagant claims that were made by the psychiatrists for the community health care centers for the mentally ill, only added to the urgency to create it. The scientific professional community has had made a mistake of being overly optimistic and the political community was all about saving money. The statement Tranquilizers became Panacea for the mentally ill is quite apt for this change. The rationale to pursue deinstitutionalization had elements of pragmatism and idealism that reflect the concern for the wellbeing of the mentally challenged and ill. Many assumptions were made for the community based mental health care as for how this will be more humane than the psychiatric hospital care. This has proved to be quite true as studies such as The Utility of Outpatient Commitment 2. Mortality risk and protecting Health, Safety, and Quality of life conducted by Steven P. Segal,M.S.W., Ph.D.,Stephania L. Hayes,M.A., O.T.R.,Lachlan Rimes,B.A show [18]. But these assumptions had to be empirically tested as they cannot be realized until the severally mentally ill are included in the data pool. How will we realize whether they are being given the adequate and mandatory resources that are needed to implement these services? Secondly, it was assumed that the community-based health care centers will prove to be cost-effective in comparison to the psychiatric hospitals. Now has b een seen that there are numerous hidden costs associated with these community-based health centers that were firstly ignored. It is crucial that not all of the psychiatric hospitals are closed as it is important to acknowledge that these alternative services require a structural overhaul to ensure that they are providing comprehensive and intensive care in a setting that is not like a psychiatric hospital. When the three components of deinstitutionalization are concurrently implemented it can result in being beneficial for the mentally ill. As the quality of care for these people is improved substantially and they experience a greater satisfaction in their everyday life. They obtain a certain normality in their life even after suffering from these illnesses. They are able to live independently to a certain degree and are numerous times are employed in the society thus making them productive to the society. But these positive developments cannot be applied to all mentally ill individ uals. The severely mentally ill these new long-term community dwellings could be extremely challenging to sustain on their own. Numerous individuals will get easy access to drugs and alcohol which can make the conditions worse for their recovery and symptoms. There are concerns about the severely mentally ill who would have access to the community and society after living for many years in the psychiatric hospitals. Lets take the example of people who suffer from bipolar disorder, major depression, schizophrenia and schizophrenia disorder. These people have been in hospitals for long and are passive to a point where they are used to following orders. In a community setting these people have sufficient structure and support to tend and cater to their needs. They have their sanctuary.[22] It is not always that these mentally ill people are rehabilitated peacefully in the community. That is where the problem arises and the statement like these Since the closure of mental institutions, the community has been over-run with dangerous people who do not get the care they need. Like it or not, they need to be kept separately from the rest of the community for everybodys good is made [4,6]. Many of these individuals pose new challenges to the clinicians and planners as they suffer from side effects of psychoactive drugs such as denial, and fear of tardive dyskinesia [14]. In a state of denial, a mental patient is skeptical about his or her treatment. Mentally ill are also admitted to the criminal justice system but due to deinstitutionalization number of these people are in the society. So when these circumstances along with a shortage of resources are mixed it results in shunting of the mentally ill. The society already has a low tolerance for the mentally ill as we have see n cases where even minor offence by mentally ill have resulted in arrest and incarceration. Many of these offence are often the results of manifestations of their illness. Through deinstitutionalization, we have developed a heightened awareness for the mentally ill. We want to be more humane and understanding towards them. Mental illness varies in a great degree and so is their ability to handle unpredictability and stress. Therefore the kind of programs that would help them varies according to their needs. These needs could range from either living alone, needing psychiatric interventions, would be better in living in a residential setting or less invasive care. Whether they would be able to work also depend on the degree of their illness. [19] The service planners have grouped the mentally ill as a one, asking a single question What should be done for the mentally ill?. The focus is on individual need and rehabilitation or should we rephrase this question as what should be done for this person who is suffering from a mental illness?. It is crucial to understand that some of the mentally ill need the hospital care and deinstitutionalization is not a replacement for the care some need. Deinstitutionalization was introduced to eliminate the countertherapeutic practices that were being followed in the psychiatric hospitals but we do not need to eliminate these hospitals altogether. Unfortunately, the initial planning and implementation of these community centers were based on the assumption that we would no longer need any extensive resources for these mentally ill who need inpatient care. But experience has clearly shown that severely mentally ill need the hospital care for long periods of time and sometimes it could last the ir lifetime. The number of patients admitted to these hospitals precisely depends on the alternative services given in these facilities. So if these facilities have an array of integrated community based services and excellent infrastructure to support it tradeoffs are possible. Where the patients that are recovering well from their symptoms can be shifted to these facilities from the hospitals. For the success of deinstitutionalization we need to know that hospitals and these alternative services have to go hand in hand. Mental health professionals have an ethical obligation to respond to the stigma and discrimination that the mentally ill face in our society [16]. If a member of the parliament will make statements like these the people would feel that mentally ill are dangerous for the society and should be locked. This mistreatment for the mentally ill strips them of the expectation and hope they need to recover from their illness [13]. In this essay, we have studied how deinstitutionalization is helping the mentally ill by giving them a better quality of life and giving them a certain degree of independence. Some are even working and adding as a productive member of the society. We even learned how all mentally ill cannot be grouped as one group. Therefore it is necessary that the mental health professionals educate the people and community about this. They need to educate people that a mentally ill person has equal rights for getting treated and to be treated with respect in the society. In a rep ort by the NIMHE or the National Institute of Mental Health in England, it was stated that recovery for the mentally ill depends on many factors. Factors such as family support, community involvement, minimization of the stigma associated with their illness, clinical care, any meaningful activity or work and peer support. Many of these factors are community-based. These interventions need the support of the community. Counselors and educators are needed in the community to minimize the discrimination that the mentally ill face [3]. Approaches to the assertive community treatment where a team of multidisciplinary professionals work in a community setting for the recovery of a severely mentally ill (SMI) are needed [7]. Through these approaches and models, we can ensure that the mentally ill will be treated fairly in the community and would have lower chances of going homeless or be involved in a crime. Other models such as peer support model and supportive employment model are also f ound effective in many studies. These models are also helpful as the cost of providing care for a mentally ill decreases if he or she has recovered well enough to work. The health workers working in these community settings need specific training to work with SMI population. The movement of care from a hospital setting to a community settings needs specific training that these individuals should go through and ensure that the community around them supports the recovery process of a SMI. [10] Many of the mental health professionals are obliged to learn about the cultural aspect of the care a SMI needs. The services have to be culturally relevant. These services should be planned according to both the rural and urban community settings. This is not only needed because of the variations in the community settings in these areas but also on the fact that the social support varies in these areas. Mental health professionals should aim to involved an SMI in their recovery process [23]. Each and every individual has a set of values and goals it is necessary that a health professionals realize this and be informed about these individuals personal goals. The phrase Ask the Patient works well here. Consulting their family and friends is an extension for this care. Conclusion Mental health issues are often co-occurring with chronic physical problems. Therefore it Is needed that mental health care is integrated into community and primary based care. Through this essay, we have learned that community mental health is more therapeutic and humane than a hospital setting. But its full potential can only be realized when certain preconditions and factors are met. Due to these unmet factors, people fear the mentally ill. Which in turn encourages them to make statements like the one the member of the parliament made. That statement highlighted the fact that there are shortcomings in the care for the mentally ill in community settings on the part of the government and planners. There is too little knowledge in the community about the SMI. There are disjunctions in the following of the three factors or components of deinstitutionalization that are depopulation from the hospitals, diverting new admissions in the alternative services and development of the community- based services. We need to realize that the central problem is not locking the severe mentally ill in psychiatric wards but the central problem is provided adequate treatment and care to these individuals in a community-based setting. With the help of the psychosocial treatments and antipsychotic drugs, we can treat these individuals in an open community setting like apartments, halfway houses and care homes [8]. Nevertheless we do need to realize that there are a minority of some severely and chronically mentally ill persons that need the structured care of a psychiatric hospital. These people have to have a twenty-four hour specialized structured care and therefore we cannot eliminate mental health institutions from our society. We must aim for a continuity of support and care in the community [9]. Where the continuity of care is most important and these individuals need to be tended to in early years of deinstitutionalization. This is also the time where they can be monitored and seen whether they are fitting in the community setting or not. The lack of funding in training the health professionals have led to the failure of denationalization to a great level. Therefore additional funding along with educating the society about the mentally ill will help in achieving the success we need with deinstitutionalization. We have to highlight the plight of these victimized and isolated percentage of our population. They need the support and care of the community that can give them a life of satisfaction [2]. They should not be fear as dangerous and should not be subjected to harassment and stigma. When the mentally ill are unsupported only then they are at high risk to others and first and foremost to themselves. They should not be given a choice to trade the isolation they face in a hospital ward to the life of isolation they would face in an apartment or care house. References Bedaso A, Yeneabat T, Yohannis Z, Bedasso K, Feyera F. Community Attitude and Associated Factors towards People with Mental Illness among Residents of Worabe Town, Silte Zone, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0149429. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149429. Cleary M, Jackson D, Hungerford C. Mental Health Nursing in Australia: Resilience as a Means of Sustaining the Specialty. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2013;35(1):33-40. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2013.836261. Chow W, Priebe S. Understanding psychiatric institutionalization: a conceptual review. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-169. Fuller Torrey E. Deinstitutionalization and the rise of violence. CNS Spectrums. 2015;20(03):207-214. doi: 10.1017/S1092852914000753. Jose A. Attitude of the Adults towards Mentally Ill. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2016;2(2):1. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2016.09.003 Kunitoh N. From hospital to the community: The influence of deinstitutionalization on discharged long-stay psychiatric patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2013;67(6):384-396. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12071. Lee C, Liem S, Leung J, Young V, Wu K, Wong Kenny K et al. From deinstitutionalization to recovery-oriented assertive community treatment in Hong Kong: What we have achieved. Psychiatry Research. 2015;228(3):243-250. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres. Marginean R, Marginean O. P.The psychosocial rehabilitation of people with severe mental illness: a study of the impact of an assertive community treatment program. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;23:S491. McCall R. Review: The consequences of early institutionalization: can institutions be improved? - should they?. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2013;18(4):56. doi: 10.1111/camh.12025. Mezzina R. Community Mental Health Care in Trieste and Beyond. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2014;202(6):440-445. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000142. Moxham L. Where you live and who you live with matters: Housing and mental health. Journal of Prevention Intervention in the Community. 2016;44(4):247-257. DOI:10.1080/10852352.2016.1197720 Pescosolido B. The Public Stigma of Mental Illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2013;54(1):1-21. doi: 10.1177/0022146512471197. Reed N, Josephsson S, Alsaker S. Community mental health work: Negotiating support of users' recovery. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2017;1(1):98. doi: 10.1111/inm.12368 Reta Y, Tesfaye M, Girma E, Dehning S, Adorjan K. Public Stigma against People with Mental Illness in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0163103. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163103. Santos J, Barros S, Santos I. Stigma. Global Qualitative Nursing Research. 2016;3(1):233339361667044. doi: 10.1177/2333393616670442. Schnyder N, Panczak R, Groth N, Schultze-Lutter F. Association between mental health-related stigma and active help-seeking: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;210(4):261-268. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.189464. Shen G, Snowden L. Institutionalization of deinstitutionalization: a cross-national analysis of mental health system reform. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2014;8(1):47. 10.1186/1752-4458-8-47 Segal S, Hayes S, Rimes L. The Utility of Outpatient Commitment: II. Mortality Risk and Protecting Health, Safety, and Quality of Life. Psychiatric Services. 2017;:appi.ps.2016001. 10.1176/appi.ps.201600164 Spaulding W, Sullivan M. Treatment of Cognition in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: The Context of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2016;42(suppl 1):S53-S61. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbv163. Taylor Salisbury T, Killaspy H, King M. The relationship between deinstitutionalization and quality of care in longer-term psychiatric and social care facilities in Europe: A cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry. 2017;42:95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.011 Taylor Salisbury T, Killaspy H, King M. An international comparison of the deinstitutionalisation of mental health care: Development and findings of the Mental Health Services Deinstitutionalisation Measure (MENDit). BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0762-4. Thoits P. Im Not Mentally Ill. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2016;57(2):135-151. doi: 10.1177/0022146516641164. Winters S, Magalhaes L, Kinsella E. Interprofessional collaboration in mental health crisis response systems: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2015;37(23):2212-2224. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014 Yohanna D.Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness: Causes and Consequences. Virtual Mentor. 2013;15(10):886-891. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.10.mhst1-1310

TRYPSIN LAB Essay Example For Students

TRYPSIN LAB Essay Title: The Effects of Substrate Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Hydrolysis of the Enzyme Trypsin. Abstract: Quantitative measurements can relate both temperature and substrate concentration to the enzymatic activity of trypsin. By analyzing the data, it is suggested that at BAPNA concentrations below those corresponding to Vmax are rate limiting, as less active sights are available for adhesion. The values of Vmax and Km relate a temperate catalytic efficiency of trypsin. The temperature range of most efficiency for the enzyme was those between 36 and 54 degrees Celsius. Introduction: Enzymes are specialized proteins that aid in formation or breakdown of larger protein or multi-protein complexes. Trypsin is a pancreatic protease that digests proteins by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds in proteins. It has a high degree of specificity and will only hydrolize the peptide bonds that occur on the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine. Generally hydrolytic reactions occur with the addition of water to breakdown a large protein into two protein fragments. Substrate concentra tion and temperature both would interfere and affect with the hydrolysis of Na-benzol-L-arginly-p-nitroanalide (BAPNA) into arginina and p-nitroaniline (PNA). An increase in the substrate concentration would most likely enhance the conversion into PNA, as collisions between the enzyme and substrate would increase. Temperature and pH can both influence the kinetics of an enzyme (Karp 100). Trypsin, being an organic enzyme, would probably work most effectively at temperatures consistent with biological life, falling in the ranges of 34C and 40C. The change in PNA concentration can be plotted against BAPNA concentration or temperature. To measure the kinetics of an enzyme, two variables can be found, Vmax and Km. Km is the estimated substrate concentration required for the reaction to advance at one half Vmax. Vmax is the maximal velocity of the reaction. These two values can be determined from the double reciprocal of the Michalelis-Menton equation or the Lineweaver-Burke Plot, with t he y intercept being 1/ Vmax, and the x intercept being -1/ Km. the equations are as follows:Michalelis-Mentonvelocity of reaction= Vmax (substrate concentration)/( Kms) Lineweaver-Burke plot 1/velocity= Km/ Vmax*1/sibstrate concentration+1/ VmaxMethods: Part 1: Effect of Substrate Concentration on Velocity Cuvette one was placed into the spectrophotometer containing the following: 0.1 ml of 10X buffer (400 mM Tris-HCl and 160 mM CaCl2), and 0.9 ml H2O. The absorbance was then read using a wavelength of 410 nm, and the absorbance number was used as a blank for the rest of the lab. The cuvette contained no PNA (the colored substrate) and hence is the reading when no reaction is taking place. The wavelength was chosen because the substrate is colored yellow, and a color other than yellow was needed to penetrate the cuvette, (410 nm is blue light). The absorbencies were then found using the following concentrations (in mM): 0.020, 0.040, 0.060, 0.080, 0.100, 0.120, 0.160, and 0.200. Th e results were then plotted with the absorbance being the dependent variable and the concentration the independent. The extinction coefficient, also called the molar absorption coefficient, could then calculated using the equation provided by the Biology 152 Lab Manual, E=A/cl were E is the extinction coefficient, A the absorbance, c the product of concentration, and l the length of the light path. With the extinction coefficient found, the rate of reaction could be found. We will write a custom essay on TRYPSIN LAB specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 0.1 ml of 10X buffer and 0.4 ml of H2O were added to two cuvettes and gently mixed. 0.4 ml of 1 mM BAPNA was then added to each. To cuvette one, an additional 0.1 ml of H2O was added and mixed and placed in the spectrophotometer. This was the control to measure the hydrolysis of BAPNA in the absence of enzyme. In the second cuvette 0.1 ml of enzyme was added and mixed, then placed into the spectrophotometer. Readings of the absorbencies were taken every 15 seconds for ten minuets. The extinction coefficient was then used to convert each absorbance reading to PNA concentration. .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postImageUrl , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:visited , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active { border:0!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: EToys EssaySeven tubes were prepared with the following a constant of 10X buffer, water, and enzyme. Added to the mixture were the following amounts (in ml) of BABNA before placing into the spectrophotometer: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.80. Corresponding amounts of H2O were then added in the following amounts (ml): 0.75, .70, .60, .50, .35, .20, and .00.The absorbencies were read every 15 seconds for 2.5 minuets. The PNA concentration was then plotted as a function of time. The slope of the linear portion of the graph represented the initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis as a function of time. The linear properties of the graph begin to wane as the BAPNA supply decreases over time. The increasing of PNA concentration will drive the initial velocity of the equation equal of lesser to Vmax and extent the linear portion of the graph. More trypsin would invariably provide more active sites to which BAPNA molecules can bind. The initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis is thus greater. Dropping the concentration would have the opposite effect, lowering the initial velocity of the reaction, limiting the linear region, as the former extends the linear region. Part 2: Effect of Temperature on VelocityObtain constant amounts of 10X buffer, H2O, BAPNA, and enzyme and place into cuvettes, saving the addition of enzyme until last. Acquire prescribed temperature by lowering the bottom of the cuvette into a bath for two minuets. When removed, add the enzyme, place in the spectrometer with the same 410 nm setting and record absorbances every 15 seconds for two and a half minuets. Repeat for the following temperatures (C): 10, 38, 45, 47, 50, and 54. Use data to determine the ideal temperature for enzyme action. The reaction rate against the BAPNA concentration of the hydrolysis of BAPNA displays a preliminary linear increase in the rate of reaction with a gradual decrease in the change of rate with substrate concentration to Vmax. The Lineweaver-Burke plot graph (Fig 1) estimated the value of Vmax to be 0.0627 mM/min, while the Km estimated was 0.413 mM. The equation for the double reciprocal was 1/velocity=(6.586) 1/substrate conc.+15.947. The curve representing the rate of reaction versus time demonstrated a low rate of reaction for the low temperature extremes, including 10C. The most efficient temperature demonstrated by our experiment was that of 54C. However when the temperature was increased to 56C, the reaction declined. Each graphical representation of the individual temperatures carried with it similar characteristics. Each possessed an initial linear relationship, and then each began to level off as the extinction coefficient was reached. The results of our first experiment displayed that as the concentration of substrate in a solution of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Enzymes work on the principal that substrate is formed by random collisions between enzyme and substrate. Hence more of either will increase the production of product. Our data showed this too is true, as product was formed at a faster rate with more enzymes, than of those solutions containing less. The values of Km and Vmax (0.413 mM and 0.0627 respectively) obtained from Fig 1 imply that trypsin has a moderate affinity for its substrate. Trypsin is also sensitive to temperature. Higher temperatures seemingly denature the enzyme, changing its structure and hence it is no longer able to fit in the substrates active site. Being a biological enzyme, it would assume to work well at temperatures associated with biological life, which it did, working optimally within the range of 36-54 degrees Celsius. Below this temperature, little activity was observed as the molecules were moving in a slower fashion, and the shape once again is changed. Karp, G. (1996) Bioenergetics. Pages 91-103 in Karp, G., Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments Second Edition. John Wiley Sons Inc., New YorkBibliography: